In Frankenstein, Volume II (chapter III), the Creature describes his early development. Why does Frankenstein remain quiet during Justines trial? How does Victor characterize his early years? At this point in the narrative, the original (1818) and revised (1831) versions of Frankenstein diverge. Mi hermano _____. he developed a passion for learning How did Elizabeth become part of Victor's family she was adopted Who is Henry Clerval he was the son of a merchant He loved his parents dearly and they gave him unconditional love, but with the death of his mother, his lost wasn't just for the person but also for the love he always felt from her. His doting parents lavish him with attention. Yo _____. Victor changes over the course of the novel from an innocent youth fascinated by the prospects of science into a disillusioned, guilt-ridden man determined to destroy the fruits of his arrogant scientific endeavor. You can view our. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? creating and saving your own notes as you read. This heavy use of foreshadowing has a dual effect. As he walks by the town inn, Victor comes across his friend Henry Clerval, who has just arrived to begin studying at the university. Why has he chosen this goal? love, happiness, beauty, and a sense of belonging. Immediately after creating the monster, Victor falls into a depression and fear. Read more about passive women as a motif. Victor records his early interests first in alchemy and then in galvanism and electricity, and tells of his friendship with Henry Clerval. Victor shares their desire to penetrate the secrets of nature, to search for the philosopher's stone and the elixir of life. Victor calmly recounts that his time was well spent and a portent of his future fate, by saying "Thus ended a day memorable to me; it decided my future destiny.". Women in Frankenstein fit into few roles: the loving, sacrificial mother; the innocent, sensitive child; and the concerned, confused, abandoned lover. Victor is also preoccupied with the question of how one might communicate with or even raise the dead. the punishments were not super strict because they wanted the family to be happy and get along. More books than SparkNotes. His parents are citizens of the Italian city of Genoa. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. During the time that he works on his creature, Victor says that his "cheek had grown pale with study, and [his] person had become emaciated with confinement." He rarely went out or . Up to this point, he and Elizabeth have been the primary receivers of their parents' love. His excesses ultimately destroy him. Soon after, the Creature realized that he was alone--and he wept. He encourages Victor to study "every branch of natural philosophy," including mathematics, by stating, "if your application equals your ability, I have no doubt of your success." How many people die in the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley? The creator of the monster, Victor spends most of the novel trying to defeat the monster. Here he finds a kindred spirit in his teacher, who does not ridicule his study of Cornelius Agrippa or Paracelsus but instead sees some value in their work. He comes from a distinguished family who have held a number of important positions Who is Elizabeth? $24.99 lived with poor peasant family. His ancestors are described as politically important within the city and his parents as most distinguished. He is the eldest of three children. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. He begins to neglect enjoyment of things that are outside the realm of his studies. how according to myth, did Zeus's and Prometheus's attitudes toward humans differ? View CCE110.Shelley D1 Reading Questions.docx from CCE 110 at Concordia University Wisconsin. 2023 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved, Volume 1: Letters 14 Summary and Analysis, Volume 1: Chapters 1 and 2 Summary and Analysis, Volume 1: Chapters 3, 4, and 5 Summary and Analysis, Volume 1: Chapters 6 and 7 Summary and Analysis, Volume 2: Chapters 1 and 2 Summary and Analysis, Volume 2: Chapters 3, 4, and 5 Summary and Analysis, Volume 2: Chapters 6, 7, 8 and 9 Summary and Analysis, Volume 3: Chapters 1 and 2 Summary and Analysis, Volume 3: Chapters 3 and 4 Summary and Analysis, Volume 3: Chapters 5 and 6 Summary and Analysis, Essential Quotes by Character: Victor Frankenstein, Critical Survey of Science Fiction and Fantasy Frankenstein Analysis, Masterplots II: Juvenile & Young Adult Literature Series Frankenstein Analysis, Masterpieces of Women's Literature Frankenstein Analysis, Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, Volume 1: Letters 1-4 Questions and Answers, Volume 1: Chapters 1 and 2 Questions and Answers, Volume 1: Chapters 3, 4, and 5 Questions and Answers, Volume 1: Chapters 6 and 7 Questions and Answers, Volume 2: Chapters 1 and 2 Questions and Answers, Volume 2: Chapters 3, 4, and 5 Questions and Answers, Volume 2: Chapters 6, 7, 8 and 9 Questions and Answers, Volume 3: Chapters 1 and 2 Questions and Answers, Volume 3: Chapters 3 and 4 Questions and Answers, Volume 3: Chapters 5 and 6 Questions and Answers, Volume 3: Chapter 7 Questions and Answers, https://www.owleyes.org/text/frankenstein/read/preface. While visiting a poor Italian family, Caroline notices a beautiful blonde girl among the dark-haired Italian children; upon discovering that Elizabeth is the orphaned daughter of a Milanese nobleman and a German woman and that the Italian family can barely afford to feed her, Caroline adopts Elizabeth and brings her back to Geneva. raised by a loving family. The stranger, who the reader soon learns is Victor Frankenstein, begins his narration. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! Please wait while we process your payment. Subscribe now. In Frankenstein, why does Walton want to take the journey to the north? By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. Mis hermanos(as) _____. ", Latest answer posted October 03, 2020 at 1:06:53 PM. What is Victor's reason for not telling others about the monster in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley? Not knowing what else to do, he simply cries. Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. Krempe tells Victor that he must begin his studies again and gives him a list of books to read. How does Victor characterize his early years? He also advises Victor to attend the lectures of Professor Waldman in the forthcoming days. How does she come to be part of Victor's family? Mi hermano(a) _____. Educators go through a rigorous application process, and every answer they submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial team. had the best childhood. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. Which of the following sentences has an error in subject-verb agreement? Victor represents the id, the part of the psyche that is governed by the instinctive impulses of sex or aggression. Completez chaque phrase avec la forme correcte de la preposition a ou en. This darkness troubled him so much that he had to reopen his eyes. In Frankenstein, how does Victor characterize his early years? You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. What is wrong with Victor's lifestyle at the university? In chapter one, he says, "My parents were indulgent, and my companions amiable." Please wait while we process your payment. What specific aspect of the creature horrified Victor? You'll be billed after your free trial ends. Upon realizing that he was mobile, the Creature found that there were "no obstacles which [he] could not either surmount or avoid." Victor was adored by his parents, and he adored them in turn; his childhood, from the very first, was wholly idyllic. Explain your choice. had the best childhood. The monster proceeds to kill Victors youngest brother, best friend, and wife; he also indirectly causes the deaths of two other innocents, including Victors father. Log in here. Sentences may be correct. how does Victor characterize his early years? Elizabeth becomes the family caretaker upon Caroline's death. Victor finds it hard to say goodbye to his family and dear friend, but he sets out for Ingolstadt to begin his studies in science. March 3, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 Alphonse became Carolines protector when her father, Alphonses longtime friend Beaufort, died in poverty. rich father, mother died in childbirth (just like's mary shelly's mom). The Preface represents itself as being by the author of the Perhaps Mary Shelley is trying to tell us a bit about both men's personalities if we translate both names from the German language. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. Previous He assists a group of poor peasants and saves a girl from drowning, but because of his outward appearance, he is rewarded only with beatings and disgust. Victor censures his father for his lack of education, and he actually blames his father for not curbing the impulses that eventually lead to his own catastrophic mistakes, ruin, and death. CliffsNotes study guides are written by real teachers and professors, so no matter what you're studying, CliffsNotes can ease your homework headaches and help you score high on exams. Over the course of the story, they become closer, and Victor gives Thomas half his father's ashes.. and any corresponding bookmarks? Already a member? Does Frankenstein learn from his mistake in creating the Monster? it was very cold and rainy. What is the monster's name in the novel Frankenstein? By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. Krempe calls Victor's prior studies of alchemists a waste of time by asking him if he has "really spent your time in studying such nonsense?" what does the story of Prometheus have in common with the biblical story of the Tower of Babel? What ideas are stirred in Victor's mind through his early reading? Sometimes it can end up there. Victor meets his mentors, Professor M. Krempe and Professor M. Waldman, at the university. Victor spends a restless night and pays Professor Waldman a visit. Victor continues. victor described them as happy and perfect. His mother dies when he is young and his father appears to have been busy with important offices in the city government, thus causing the child to be raised by servants and schoolmasters, a situation similar to that of Mary Shelleys husband Percy (who may have been the model for Victor). They returned home and quickly began preparing to paint. Waldman explains to Victor that alchemy was a false science and teaches him that while the alchemist's pursuits were noble, real scientists do the scientific, valuable work. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! He chances upon a book by Cornelius Agrippa, a sixteenth-century scholar of the occult sciences, and becomes interested in natural philosophy. Already a member? How does Victor's character change as he studies for two years at Ingolstadt? victor described them as happy and perfect. 3. Prometheus's loved the people more than Zeus did. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. What warnings does Victor give Walton? Yo _____. With the early abandonment of his creator, the creature is left on his own and develops his sense of morality and ethics his superegoby observing an oblivious family. Who is Elizabeth? Taken from a poor village to live with rich frankensteins. eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. what does the subtitle of the novel suggest about Mary Shelley's character, Frankenstein? He says. In Frankenstein, how is Victor Frankenstein's appearance defined? There seems to have such a general sense of accord and love that no one fought, everyone read what they loved, and all got along without incident. when Victor was a teenager his father introduced him to science and Victor began to study it deeper. VF's dad best friend dies and leaves his daughter alone. What reason does the monster give for killing William and framing Justine in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein? He didn't think another kid could wish for a more perfect childhood. Once awaking, the Creature found he was cold. How does Victor characterize his early years? also his body is superior. . for a customized plan. Victor's mother pleads with the peasant family to take her in as their own child. 2. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. Why is Walton trying to reach the North Pole? Elizabeth is sweet and uplifting. After walking, the Creature found that he was hungry and thirsty. How does the Monster learn to speak and read? 2023 Course Hero, Inc. All rights reserved. Various metanarrative comments (i.e., remarks that pertain not to the content of the narrative but rather to the telling of the narrative) remind the reader of the fact that Victors narrative is contained within Waltons. prepared VF for a life of solitary study. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. The next morning, he goes walking in the town of Ingolstadt, frantically avoiding a return to his now-haunted apartment. Victor is now 17 years old and ready to become a student at the University of Ingolstadt in Ingolstadt, Germany (near Munich), but an outbreak of scarlet fever at home delays his departure. Free trial is available to new customers only. What does Victor do with his second creation? Summary and Analysis Chapter 2. What is the location of Walton's journey? Discount, Discount Code What death does Victor feel responsible for? Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. when he ran into Henry at the beginning of the Latest answer posted January 26, 2016 at 9:40:46 PM. They married two years later, and Victor was born soon after. Central Idea Essay: Is the Monster in Frankenstein Good? Summary and Analysis Letter 4. Why does Frankenstein create the Monster? Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. how do elizabeth and henry affect victor's life and his studies? Although he was "calm and philosophical [,] [his] temper was not so yielding" and he felt keenly a desire to "discover" the world's secrets. Also like Frankenstein, Clerval makes a discovery at university. Take the Analysis of Major Characters Quick Quiz. In 192719271927, a young man named Charles A. Lindbergh flew his plane from California to Roosevelt Field and waited for the weather report. how does she come be a part of victor's family? While weeping, the moon rose to a point where the Creature could see it. What influences on the story does the Preface mention? 1-2) represents itself as being by the author of the book (which was originally published anonymously). While on the glacier, the monster confronts his maker. A modern natural philosopher accompanying the Frankenstein family explains to Victor the workings of electricity, making the ideas of the alchemists seem outdated and worthless. for a group? They are very wealthy and have no problem showering their son with love and affection. what does Prometheus have in common with the tragic King Oedipus? Start your 48-hour free trial to get access to more than 30,000 additional guides and more than 350,000 Homework Help questions answered by our experts. he was the only child that got all of his parents attention fro several years, so as an adult he doesn't mind only having a new companions. He applies his brain to a far more dangerous pursuit, and, through constant perseverance and his intelligence, he winds up creating life from death and making his monster a reality. Clerval is first described as a boy who loved "enterprise, hardship and even danger, for its own sake.". Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! parents wanted to give him everything. What is wrong with Victor's lifestyle at the university? 20% He also acknowledges that he had a thirst for learning. In the revised version, Elizabeth is discovered by Caroline, on a trip to Italy, when Victor is about five years old. From an early age, Victor saw his mother caring for the less fortunate. In Frankenstein, how does society turn the creature into a monster. In the original version, Elizabeth is Victors cousin, the daughter of Alphonses sister; when Victor is four years old, Elizabeths mother dies and Elizabeth is adopted into the Frankenstein family. Why does Frankenstein leave Elizabeth alone on their wedding night? Summary and Analysis Chapter 4. he was an only child for a long time. A strange multiplicity of sensations seized me, and I saw, felt, heard, and smelt at the same time; and it was, indeed, a long time before I learned to distinguish between the operations of my various senses. Why do the townspeople accuse Frankenstein of murdering Clerval? Frankenstein, D1 - Letters & Volume I 1.) Like Walton, Clerval shares Frankenstein's desire to achieve great things at any cost. from your Reading List will also remove any The quest for the latter becomes his obsession. His mother and "cousin" both fight the disease; Caroline Beaufort Frankenstein dies, and Elizabeth recovers. What two strange figures does he mention in the fourth letter? What is the monster's name in the novel Frankenstein? Victor remembers that he had a. Though loss aboundsthe poverty of Beaufort and the orphaning of Elizabeth, for instanceit is always quickly alleviated by the presence of a close, loving family. Follow the directions in parentheses to change the word order in the sentence. He fixes his eyes upon the moon, almost like an infant would do with a large and bright object. Victor dislikes modern natural philosophy because the modern scientists are not seeking "immortality and power" (32). Convinced his youngest brother's murderer is his creation, he sets off to find the creature. who is Elizabeth? Want 100 or more? (foreshadow, future pride of VF). what do these citations reveal about her? Continue to start your free trial. Underline all the pronouns in each of the following sentences. "I have love in me the likes of which you can scarcely imagine and rage the likes of which you would not believe. What are some human lessons the creature learns from observing the De Laceys? He starts with his family background, birth, and early childhood, telling Walton about his father, Alphonse, and his mother, Caroline. Latest answer posted March 01, 2018 at 11:13:44 PM, In what chapter of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein is the following quote found? On the other hand, it seems that Victor's imagination really did require more direction than he received. How does she come to be part of Victor's family? We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! What happens to Frankenstein and the creature at the end of the book? 17 Juin 2022 | dangerously in love cover art | dangerously in love cover art Though he acknowledges that such a discovery would bring one great wealth, what Victor really longs for is glory. SparkNotes PLUS Do you see the arrival of Safie as an event that may cause the creature pain? Victor describes his mother as being a charitable woman who was plagued by fragile health. Though regarded in France as one of that country's greatest poets, he is better known abroad for such novels as Notre-Dame de Paris (1831) and Les Misrables (1862). 2023 Course Hero, Inc. All rights reserved. Frankenstein was trying to be God by trying to create other humans, what circumstances led Mary Shelley to write the novel? Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. Near the end of chapter 2, Victor comments, "When I look back, it seems to me as if this almost miraculous change of inclination and will was the immediate suggestion of the guardian angel of my lifethe last effort made by the spirit of preservation to avert the storm that was even then hanging in the stars and ready to envelop me." when his mom was in Italy she found a poor family and they could not afford Elizabeth anymore so Victor's mother offered to adopt her. Are you sure you want to remove #bookConfirmation# On the one hand, it adds to the suspense of the novel, leaving the reader wondering about the nature of the awful tragedy that has caused Victor so much grief. Victor is a modern scientist unleashed upon an unsuspecting society. (In the 1818 version, a demonstration of electricity by his father convinces Victor of the alchemists mistakenness.). Victors life story is at the heart of Frankenstein. Victor is a human, and the creature is currently a "lifeless thing". Elizabeth, Justine Moritz, and Caroline Beaufort all fit into this mold of the passive woman. Waldman tells Victor that these modern scientists are looking into the mysteries of nature and acquiring almost "unlimited power" (33) What does the creature do? Victors friendship with Henry Clerval, a schoolmate and only child, flourishes as well, and he spends his childhood happily surrounded by this close domestic circle. Summary and Analysis When he told his father what he'd been reading, rather than instructing him further, his father simply told him, "do not waste your time upon this; it is sad trash." The Creature he brings to life from digging up body parts and remains; Victor later abandons him, leaving him with no awareness of emotions, feelings, or senses, similar to the character of a newborn baby. (one code per order). Example 1. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. Foreshadowing is ubiquitous in these chapters and, in fact, throughout the novel. Why do the townspeople accuse Frankenstein of murdering Clerval? How does Frankenstein figure out that the Monster killed William? ." Why are we not surprised later to find that Henry has been murdered? Prometheus's punishment was an eagle constantly tearing at his liver. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% and any corresponding bookmarks? Before becoming a host family to a Mexican exchange student, your family is asked to provide a list of things you have done to become familiar with Mexican culture. stranger floating in a block of ice at the beginning of the story. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. What is Robert Walton's ambition? on 50-99 accounts. Therefore, Victor does not see him as a being that could be part of the human community. he is obsessed with the desire to create life. raised by a loving family. Are you sure you want to remove #bookConfirmation# Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. The language Victor uses to describe the relationship between his mother and father supports this image of womens passivity: in reference to his mother, he says that his father came as a protecting spirit to the poor girl, who committed herself to his care.. what writers and literacy works does she mention? The adopted daughter of a peasant family; she is taken in by the Frankensteins. Believing his tenure at Ingolstadt was nearing an end, Victor thinks of returning home to Geneva. Discount, Discount Code He also gives the young student a brief tour of his own laboratory, taking the time to explain his work and the devices he owns. how does victor characterize his early years. He learns quickly, even more quickly than a typical infant. 5. The quest for the latter becomes his obsession. At the age of thirteen, he becomes fascinated with the work of Cornelius Agrippa (a Roman alchemist who attempted to turn tin into gold and men into lions). How did Elizabeth become part of Victor's family. how does it affect him, Elizabeth catches scarlet fever and his mother dies from scarlet fever from taking care of Elizabeth. Start your 48-hour free trial to get access to more than 30,000 additional guides and more than 350,000 Homework Help questions answered by our experts. Caroline Beaufort Frankenstein's last wish before dying is for Victor and Elizabeth to be happily married. he was Victor's dear friend and grew up with each other, how do Elizabeth and henry affect victor's life and his studies. What are some differences and similarities between the creature and What is Victor's reason for not telling others about the monster in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley? The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Edge Reading, Writing and Language: Level C, David W. Moore, Deborah Short, Michael W. Smith. He wishes to discover parts of the world that have not been visited; to aid in sea navigation and discover new routes and find a shortcut to the North Pole. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. The monster swears vengeance after Victor destroys his second creation. In Frankenstein, Volume II (chapter III), the Creature describes his early development. Dont have an account? He becomes fascinated with the secret of life, discovers it, and brings a hideous monster to life. Latest answer posted April 17, 2020 at 9:04:31 PM. In Frankenstein, Shelley uses the De Lacey family to characterize the creature and mold his personality from one of compassion to one bent on revenge, leading to a schism . Their parents decide to settle down in Geneva to concentrate on raising their family. Renews March 10, 2023 Las clases: Yo _____. 1. The Preface (pp. Why does Frankenstein destroy the Monsters female companion? Las comidas: Mi madre _____. How does the preface help to frame the novel? He studies the outdated findings of the alchemists Agrippa, Paracelsus, and Albertus Magnus with enthusiasm. Now, as an adult, Victor says. Victor becomes obsessed with the idea of creating the human form and acts upon it. how does Victor characterize his early years? Frankenstein then describes how his childhood companion, Elizabeth Lavenza, entered his family. Even Waltons letters prepare the way for the tragic events that Victor will recount. Let us know your assignment type and we'll make sure to get you exactly the kind of answer you need. There really was no disciplinary figure in the home, but neither did such a figure seem necessary at the time. Add commas where necessary. Victor's Childhood and Adolescence: Victor Frankenstein is the protagonist of Mary Shelley's classic gothic horror novel first. Nonetheless, the reader senses, even in these early passages, that the stability and comfort of family are about to be exploded. As a teenager, Victor becomes increasingly fascinated by the mysteries of the natural world. His father tells him that the book is pure trash; Victor does not heed him, however, since his father does not explain why the book is trash. they both tried to do good but ended up living their life in misery. In chapter 4, Victor talks about becoming "capable of bestowing animation upon lifeless matter." How does he learn to do this? Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. You'll also receive an email with the link. (Make into a command.). But even in the midst of these tranquil childhood recollections, he cannot ignore the signs of the tragedy that lies in his imminent future; he sees that each event, such as the death of his mother, is nothing but an omen, as it were, of [his]future misery.. Removing #book# Accessed 4 Mar. Source(s) they both tried to be like God but there is only one God. Accessed 4 Mar. This letter, written on three separate days (August 5, August 13, and August 19), begins quietly enough when Walton describes how his ship is stuck in an ice field far from land. why was the gift important? Why does Frankenstein first agree to make his Monster a companion? eNotes Editorial, 1 Feb. 2016, https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-does-victor-describe-his-early-childhood-how-297712. Victor throws himself into his schoolwork, reading all he can about the sciences, particularly chemistry. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. The theme of the Romantic notion that technology is not entirely good enters the novel at this point. Victor interrupts his story to relate how Elizabeth became a part of his family, prefacing the digression with the comment, But before I continue my narrative, I must record an incident. Such guiding statements structure Victors narrative and remind the reader that Victor is telling his story to a specific audienceWalton. Chapter 3. The creature is just a "thing", he is an object. The picture that Victor draws of his childhood is an idyllic one. He didn't want to learn about the usual things, though, he wanted to learn about heaven and earth. Removing #book# traveled a lot. What statement in chapter 7 of Frankenstein suggests that Victor views the creature as part of himself? Why does the monster provide these services for the family? However, between the two, Robert Walton acts the the better foil. Dorothy started to work on this problem,but it proved to be very difficult to crystallize the penicillin molecules. The two go to the monster's squalid hut on . With our Essay Lab, you can create a customized outline within seconds to get started on your essay right away. Not affiliated with Harvard College. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. parents wanted to give him everything. This initial act of cruelty establishes the hateful relationship between the two characters. Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. He even receives a present, in the form of Elizabeth Lavenza, from his parents. He was elsewhere when Henry's body was found, English 11 Honors: Frankenstein Worksheets, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses.